On this day: 1 September

The Temple of Juno Regina (Aventine) is dedicated in Rome by Marcus Furius Camillus.

Byzantine general Isaak Komnenos is crowned Byzantine Emperor by patriarch Cerularius at the Hagia Sophia.

The main altar of Lund Cathedral, then the Catholic cathedral of all the Nordic countries, was dedicated to Saint Lawrence and the Virgin Mary.

The widow Stamira sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of Ancona by the forces of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.

King Tvrtko I of Bosnia writes In castro nostro Vizoka vocatum from the Old town of Visoki.

Tumu Crisis: The Mongols capture the Emperor of China.

The Spanish fort of Sancti Spiritu, the first one built in modern Argentina, is destroyed by indigenous people.

The Guru Granth Sahib (folio depicted), the religious text of Sikhism, was installed in the Golden Temple in Amritsar.

Claudio Monteverdi's Vespro della Beata Vergine (page pictured) was first printed in Venice, dedicated to Pope Paul V.

At the age of five, Louis XV becomes king of France in succession to his great-grandfather, King Louis XIV.

Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia, endorses Ivan Betskoy's plans for a Foundling Home in Moscow.

The Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is founded in San Luis Obispo, California.

German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding discovered one of the largest main-belt asteroids, naming it Juno after the Roman goddess.

The Order of St. Gregory the Great is established by Pope Gregory XVI of the Vatican State to recognize high support for the Vatican or for the Pope, by a man or a woman, and not necessarily a Roman Catholic.

A powerful solar flare caused a coronal mass ejection that struck Earth a few hours later, generating the most intense geomagnetic storm ever recorded and causing bright aurorae visible in the middle latitudes.

American Civil War: Confederate forces attacked retreating troops (map shown) of the Union army during a rainstorm in Chantilly, Virginia, but the battle ended inconclusively.

American Civil War: The Battle of Jonesborough, alongside the overall Atlanta campaign, culminates in a Union victory for General William T. Sherman as Confederate General John Bell Hood orders the evacuation of Atlanta.

Franco-Prussian War: The Battle of Sedan is fought, resulting in a decisive Prussian victory.

Emma Nutt becomes the world's first female telephone operator when she is recruited by Alexander Graham Bell to the Boston Telephone Dispatch Company.

The Tremont Street Subway in Boston opens, becoming the first underground rapid transit system in North America.

The first science fiction film, titled A Trip to the Moon and based on From the Earth to the Moon by Jules Verne, was released in France.

Construction began on the Saline Valley salt tram, which during its operation was the steepest tram in the United States.

German forces attacked multiple locations in Poland, including Wieluń and Westerplatte, starting World War II in Europe.

J. Robert Oppenheimer and his student Hartland Snyder publish the Oppenheimer–Snyder model, proving for the first time in contemporary physics how black holes could develop.

World War II: Launch of Operation Ratweek, complicating German retreat.

Ernest Hemingway's novel The Old Man and the Sea, which later won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, was first published.

At an Arab League summit, eight nations issued the Khartoum Resolution, declaring that there would be "no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, [and] no negotiations with it".

Muammar Gaddafi (pictured) led a coup d'état to overthrow King Idris of Libya.

In a match widely publicized as a Cold War confrontation, American chess grandmaster Bobby Fischer became the 11th World Chess Champion with his victory over Soviet Boris Spassky.

A 76-hour multinational rescue effort off the coast of Ireland resulted in the deepest sub rescue in history.

The SR-71 Blackbird sets (and holds) the record for flying from New York to London in the time of one hour, 54 minutes and 56.4 seconds at a speed of 1,435.587 miles per hour (2,310.353 km/h).

The United States Air Force Space Command is founded.

Speakers' Corner, a free speech area in Hong Lim Park in Singapore, was launched.

Iraq War: The United States Armed Forces transfers control of Anbar Province to the Iraqi Armed Forces.