On this day: 12 June

Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors.

Constantine IX Monomachos is crowned as Byzantine Emperor, one day after his marriage to Empress Zoe Porphyrogenita.

The Ghurid general Qutb ud-Din Aibak founds the Delhi Sultanate.

The Disputation of Paris, in which four rabbis defended the Talmud against Nicholas Donin's accusations of blasphemy, began in the court of King Louis IX.

The city of Helsinki, Finland (belonging to Sweden at the time) is founded by King Gustav I of Sweden.

First Anglo-Dutch War: The Battle of the Gabbard begins, lasting until the following day.

Thomas Willett is appointed the first mayor of New York City.

French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg: James Wolfe's attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, commences.

The Fifth Virginia Convention adopted a declaration of rights, an influential document that proclaimed the inherent rights of men.

Following the successful French invasion of Malta, the Knights Hospitaller surrendered Malta to Napoleon, initiating two years of occupation.

Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battle of Ballynahinch.

War of 1812: Capture of USRC Surveyor.

The earliest form of bicycle, the dandy horse, is driven by Karl von Drais.

Badi VII, king of Sennar, surrenders his throne and realm to Isma'il Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, ending the existence of that Sudanese kingdom.

Beginning of the Invasion of Algiers: Thirty-four thousand French soldiers land 27 kilometers west of Algiers, at Sidi Ferruch.

Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declares the Philippines' independence from Spain.

The Reichstag approves new legislation continuing Germany's naval expansion program, providing for construction of 38 battleships over a 20-year period. Germany's fleet would be the largest in the world.

A ceasefire is negotiated between Bolivia and Paraguay, ending the Chaco War.

The Baseball Hall of Fame opens in Cooperstown, New York.

World War II: Battle of Carentan: American paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division secure the town of Carentan, Normandy, France.

The premiere was held in New York of the historical drama film Cleopatra, the most expensive film made to that point.

Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela's original 5-year sentence is extended to life sentence for high treason together with Denis Goldberg, Ahmed Kathrada, Govan Mbeki, Raymond Mhlaba, Andrew Mlangeni, Elias Motsoaledi and Walter Sisulu in the Rivonia Trial for sabotage in South Africa.

The U.S. Supreme Court struck down laws restricting interracial marriage in the landmark civil rights case Loving v. Virginia.

State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain: Judge Jagmohanlal Sinha rules against Indira Gandhi in a case on her election to the Indian Parliament, and that she should be banned from holding any public office, triggering a political crisis.

Bryan Allen wins the second Kremer prize for a man-powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross.

Raiders of the Lost Ark, the first film in the Indiana Jones franchise, was released.

A nuclear disarmament rally and concert is held in New York City.

Cold War: During a speech at the Brandenburg Gate by the Berlin Wall, US president Ronald Reagan challenged Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall!" (speech featured).

Russia Day: The parliament of the Russian Federation formally declares its sovereignty.

In modern Russia's first democratic election, Boris Yeltsin is elected as the President of Russia.

An election takes place in Nigeria and is won by Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Its results are later annulled by the military government of Ibrahim Babangida.

The Boeing 777, the world's largest twinjet, made its maiden flight.

A disputed presidential election in Iran leads to wide-ranging local and international protests.

Sixteen-year-old Abby Sunderland was rescued after her boat was dismasted in the Indian Ocean while trying to become the youngest sailor around the world.

United States President Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un of North Korea hold the first meeting between leaders of their two countries in Singapore.

Kassym-Jomart Tokayev is inaugurated as the second president of Kazakhstan.

South African-American businessman Elon Musk becomes the first US$ trillionaire with the initial public offering of SpaceX.